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PHYS 0106 (Spring, 2001)
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Phanerozoic Eon: Mesozoic Era: Cretaceous Period

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Angiosperms
Writer/Researcher: Amanda Pichette
Editor: Robert H. Carney-Richter
Web Page Builder: Amanda Pichette


The first angiosperms, more commonly known as the flowering plant, first appeared in the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic and still exist today. Angiosperms appeared rather suddenly in the fossil records; no ancestors have been discovered that may have lived prior to the angiosperms. It is believed that the high diversity of angiosperms were confined to small populations, during the Cretaceous, along streams and were minor contributors to the amount of vegetation on the Earth. Today, angiosperms make-up 90% of the vegetation on the land. The angiosperms are divided into two major groups, the monocots and the dicots. Monocots are characterized by having one seed leaf per seed, and the dicots are characterized by having two leaves per seed (examples of angiosperms shown in picture below).

flowering plants

The reason angiosperms make-up 90% of the vegetation on the Earth is because of its structure. Angiosperms attract bugs to the plant, and then pollen attaches to the bug and is carried to other flowers. Angiosperm seeds are contained into watertight containers filled with food. This food allows angiosperms to grow faster. Animals also do the dispersal of the seeds. The seeds are eaten by animals and are excreted and the seed grows quickly in a pile of fertilizer.

One of the biggest questions about the angiosperms is if they were first woody tree shrubs or small herbs. The Paleoherb hypothesis has been promoted by cladistic analysis that early angiosperms were tropical flowering plants with uncomplicated flowers and a mix of monocot and dicot features. If this was the case, climate or geography provided the opportunities for the angiosperms to diversify. The other hypothesis is that early angiosperms were first woody trees or shrubs. Based on cladistic analysis it is believed that angiosperms are similar to the members of the Magnoliales and Laurales groups that still exist today. Magnoliales and Laurales are comprised of plants that are small and medium sized trees with long, broad leaves and large flowers. Both hypotheses need more investigation before either can be accepted as the true origin of the angiosperm.


REFERENCES

-Origin of Angiosperms. Retrieved from the World Wide Web April 25, 2001.

-Anthophyta: Fossil Record. Retrieved from the World Wide Web April 25, 2001.

-Flowering Plants (Angiosperms). Retrieved from the World Wide Web May 2, 2001.